per

In body text, we suggest presenting most measurements as numerals with the unit spelt out in full. The same advice applies to rates, where ‘per’ typically separates 2 measurements.

But you should also consider if you can replace ‘per’ with ‘a’ or ‘an’. This approach will make the meaning clear for the widest range of readers.

In tables and graphics, you can use a shorter form for these phrases, including:

• symbols for the units of measurement
• a forward slash for ‘per’.

It’s best to avoid Latin adverbial phrases such as ‘per annum’ and ‘per capita’, unless you’re writing for a technical audience in a sector that uses the phrase as standard practice.

For example, the banking industry often deals with annual rates, and ‘per annum’ may be common in internal calculations. But this doesn’t mean it will set the right tone in customer communications.

Where you can, opt for the English alternative to boost readability and reader engagement.

Where space is limited, such as in a table or graphic, choose a shortened form based on your readers’ likely familiarity. For ‘per annum’:

Note that while the ASG generally recommends leaving full stops out of short forms, we suggest keeping them in ‘p.a.’ so it is not confused with the diminutive for ‘father’. Seeing a reference to ‘pa’ is more likely to trip readers up and distract them from your content.